Reproductive Systems in Males and Females

Reproductive Systems in Males and Females NAME : BENJAMIN NHANDARA Human Reproduction, Growth and Development All living organisms reproduce and it is one of their main  characteristics. Living organisms can produce a new member of species replacing those who might die due to old age, competition or in some cases being attacked by diseases. The process is known as reproduction (Clamp, A. 2005). Sexual reproduction involves two beings, male and female who have sex organs which produce gametes (sex cells) which then fuse together to form a new being. (M. B. V. Roberts, 2000). The journey begins in the male reproductive system. Hanging outside the pelvic cavity of a man lies a sack of skin which is known as a scrotum. Present in the scrotum are muscles which move the testicles slightly depending on the surrounding temperature. The scrotum contains the male reproductive organs testes that come in pairs. In the scrotum are muscles known as cremasteric muscles. Australia, H (2016) states that the scrotum helps to maintain the temperature of the sperm at slightly below body temperature (important for sperm  manufacture). The testes are the male primary sex organs which are oval and made of fibrous connective tissue. Producing male gametes (spermatozoa/sperm) is their main function. Each testis consists of approximately 300 lobules which are separated by connective tissue and filled with seminiferous tubules, were sperm cells are produced by meiosis as stated by McGuinness, H (2010). They are tightly coiled tubules. Interstitial cells also known as Leydig cells are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicles. They promote the secretion of male sex hormone, testosterone. Production of male gametes begins at puberty (when a boy begins to develop into an adult, usually average age is 12 years in a male. Sperm contains the X and Y chromosomes (genetic information encoded with genes). The epididymis lies along the border of each testis and are long coiled tubes leading from the seminiferous tubules to the vas deferens. They store immature sperms until ready to be released by ejaculation (Centre, N.H.F. 2011). Long tubes known as vas deferens (sperm duct) are made of blood vessels and connect to the urethra. Sperm is released to the ejaculatory duct through the vas deferens. Short tubes join to the urethra from the seminal vesicles and semen passes through these tubes during ejaculation. The tubes are ejaculatory ducts and pass through the prostate gland. A muscular structure known as the urethra keeps urine in the bladder until excretion can occur. It provides a pathway for the flow of urine and secretion of semen. A sphincter muscle is there to prevent both functions occurring at the same time (McGuinness, H 2010). Penis is the main external male sex organ, surrounded by erectile and connective tissue. A foreskin (folded skin) covers the tip of the penis and has many sensory receptors. The penis hangs out the pelvic cavity and excretes urine a waste product. This main organ also penetrates and ejaculates semen inside the female reproductive organ during sexual intercourse (Chard, 2001). Males have reproductive accessory sex glands which are the Cowpers glands also known as bulbourethral gland, prostate gland and the seminal vesicle. Chard (2001), goes on to say that the Cowpers gland secretes a fluid that contributes to the seminal fluid, the secretion is less than that of the prostate gland. A pair of glands make the Cowper`s glands and they open into the urethra at the base of the penis. The prostate gland is like the size of a walnut and it is found in the pelvic cavity in front of the rectum and behind the symphysis pubis. A thin, milky fluid is secreted during ejaculation to enhance the mobility of sperms. Then again thick mucus-like fluid which forms 60% of semen is secreted by the seminal vesicle (M. B. V. Roberts, 2000). The fluid is alkaline and contains nutrients that are added to sperm cells. Located above the urinary bladder, highly coiled tubular structures are the seminal vesicles.    MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Figure 1 (eMedicineHealth,2017) The female reproductive system is adapted so that an egg cell (gamete) can be produced and then fertilized by a sperm cell. The developing offspring is carried by the female being provided with nutrition until it is ready to be born. After birth nourishments are provided to the new infant by the female. This is all made possible by the way the female reproductive system is structured and functions. Ovaries are female reproductive parts that come in pairs one on either side of the uterus. They produce gametes (eggs) by a process known as ovulation. Hormones oestrogen and progesterone are also secreted by ovaries. Eggs are produced by a structure called the cortex and held in a vessel inside the medulla. The ovaries attach to the uterus by ligaments known as ovarian ligaments. About 2 million immature eggs are contained in the ovaries (Chard 2001). The fallopian tubes are muscular and lined with ciliated cells. They are about 5cm long, extend from the sides of the uterus. Other names like the oviduct or uterine tubes is used for the fallopian tube. At the end of each fallopian tube are finger-like projections known as fimbrae which receive the released eggs and transfer them to the uterus. Fertilisation also takes place in these tubes. In front of the rectum is a vast area known as the uterus. The uterus is a pear- shaped muscular chamber that has thick walls (McGuinness, H 2010). The cervix is the neck of the uterus and it opens into 2 upper corners. The uterus wall is composed of three layers of tissue, the perimetrium which is the outer layer which covers the top part of the uterus. The middle layer is known as the myometrium (middle layer of smooth muscle fibres). It is responsible for the contractions during period of labour. Finally, the third layer is the endometrium (soft with thick layer of compound tubular glands). Th is area is shed off each month during menstruation (Care of the mother and baby during labour, 1977). An 8-10cm muscular and elastic tube called the vagina connects the internal female reproductive organs with the external. It discharges fluids like menstrual fluid, urine and mucus. Male semen is received by the vagina and it also provides a passage way for childbirth. Outer wall stretches during sexual intercourse. The external genital organs of the female are collectively known as the vulva. They consist of the labia majora (thick folds of skin where pubic hair grows), labia minora (which are lip-like flesh at the entrance of the vagina), clitoris (contains erectile tissue and suspensory ligament that connect to the symphysis pubis), opening of the urethra and opening of the vagina. The main functions of the vulva are urination, menstruation, childbirth and sexual behaviour. THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Figure 2 (Human Body Diagram, 2016) A female goes through a 28-day cycle known as the menstrual or the ovarian cycle. The female menstrual cycle is divided into 4 phases. The first phase is known as proliferative phase which occurs on day 2 of the cycle. The hypothalamus releases a hormone known as Gonadotropin- releasing hormone(GnRH). The GnRH hormone is responsible for the secretion of luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland. The FSH secreted by the pituitary gland will stimulate the development of several ovarian follicles. A hormone called oestrogen is then secreted by the follicle on day 6 because of the chemical messenger FSH and the follicle develops into graafian follicle. Oestrogen inhibits the secretion of FSH by the pituitary gland on day 14. The layer lost in the previous menstruation is replaced by the proliferation of the endometrium. All repairs will be complete by day 14. The same hormone oestrogen will cause the secretion of LH hormone by the pituitary gland. The rapid increase in LH hormone will trigger the release of the mature egg from the ovary to the fallopian tube around day 14. This phase is referred to as the ovulation phase In the next stage, there is secretion of nutrients by the endometrium in preparation for the implantation and this stage is the secretory phase. An endocrine structure known as the corpus luteum secretes oestrogen and progesterone. The progesterone inhibits the production of FSH. No new follicles are stimulated, the endometrium is maintained by the high levels of progesterone. A rupture of the uterine capillaries will occur when a decrease in oestrogen and progesterone levels occur. Endometrium is lost from the body as a waste product through the cervix, together with some blood. This process is known as menstruation. Hormonal changes will prepare the uterus for pregnancy but in the event, that the egg is not fertilised then the lining of the uterus is lost through the vagina (menstrual period). Figure 3 clearly shows the 28-day cycle and the different periods that a female goes through during her menstrual cycle. FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE Figure 3 (Menstrupedia.com, 2017) FEEDBACK MECHANISM INVOLVED IN THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE Figure 4 (SBI4U 2013 Resource Guide, 2017) In figure 4 the effects of positive and negative feedback mechanisms are evidenced through the different responses given to different conditions at different periods of progress in the female cycle. The result is different if the egg gets fertilised. When the mature female egg in the fallopian tube fuse with a male gamete cell due to having had sexual intercourse. The fusion of the male and female gametes to form a zygote is known as fertilisation (Clamp, A. 2005). During sexual intercourse millions of sperms are deposited into the female reproductive tract. Sperms are smaller than the female gametes and because of their structure (having a head containing the haploid nucleus), a tail (flagellum) for mobility. The sperms swim towards the mature egg through the cervix during ovulation (Bennet, 1985). Only a few hundred sperms get close to the egg because many will die of the acidic environment and some will flow out of the vagina. Early in pregnancy the embryo secretes hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophins). This hormone enables the corpus luteum to continue to produce progesterone, thereby preparing the lining of the uterus for the developing embryo. By testing for HCG in urine, it is easy to diagnose for pregnancy very early. Another hormone is the human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) also referred to as human placental lactogen (hPL). The hormone is secreted from the placenta to modify the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy (mother`s glucose usage and release of fatty acids). Gray, (2012) says that childbirth is divided into three stages. The woman`s age, size of uterus and the number of previous pregnancies will determine the duration of the stages. Dilation is the first stage, were the cervix dilates because the foetus would have begun its descent a few days or weeks earlier. Uterus muscle wall contract rhythmically and the head of the baby breaks the amnion and the fluid is released. Dilation of the cervix can last to 6 12 hours. As the contractions of the uterus become strong, the baby is then forced out through the cervix down the vagina. This is called the delivery stage and can be 1 -2 hours. Oxytocin hormone stimulates powerful contractions that help to open the cervix to push the baby and placenta out and limit bleeding at the site of the placenta. While the fight or flight hormone (adrenaline) can slow the labour for the fearful females. It can be produced in large quantities because of fear (Bennet, 1985). The umbilical code is tied and cut once the baby has begun to breathe or cry (can live independently without the placenta). After birth is the last stage which starts immediately after child birth and ends with the placenta expulsion. There is the production and ejection of milk from mammary glands (Institute4learning.com, 2017). The process is known as lactation. Prolactin hormone (mothering hormone) helps to prepare a woman for breastfeeding. Eventually the uterus will grow smaller because of the continued contraction. While nursing, 5 10% of women become pregnant again. To fully go through the human life, they are stages that need to be accomplished. They are about 12 different stages and we will look at infancy or the developing child in detail. During child infancy (0-3 years), a child will become more independent as they grow and the body matures. The baby learns how to walk, talk, feed themselves. A lot of the children do not get to walk in the first year as their bones will be weak to support the weight. By being encouraged the child will experiment and develop more confidence in the ability to co-ordinate themselves (Institute4learning.com, 2017). Motor movement is the title given to the development of co-ordination movement. As early as 3 months the baby will develop different sounds. Sounds are used to show pleasure, laugh or cry as a way communicating their needs. At this stage the child will like to play so much. Many hormones are involved in the development of the child at this stage. The most important hormone that is present is the human growth hormone (hGH) which influences the growth of bone and muscle tissue. Sometimes the overproduction of this hormone will cause the child to grow too fast and too much, while the opposite (underproduction) will cause dwarfism (Richards, M 1990). In the journal by Richard, M. (1990) insulin is another important hormone that is found at this stage and is secreted by the pancreas. Insulin helps in the regulation of glucose levels in the blood and thereby indirectly positively contributes to growth and development. This hormone should work in collaboration with other hormones to ensure normal growth. For normal growth, the child will need sufficient energy coming from metabolic reactions (rate of reactions). These are influenced by the amount of a hormone known as thyroxine being produced by the thyroid gland. Cretinism is a condition that will develop when there is under development of thyroxine. Poor mental, physical and even retardation can be caused by underproduction. At this stage the child likes to play. Playing helps the child to develop emotionally, physically, mentally and social development. The child should be encouraged to be active. Environmental factors such as housing and someone to play with or read to them can affect the development of the child (Lohoar, S et al. 2014) . When a child plays with toys it helps to strengthen their muscles and improve co-ordination (physical development). The child should grow healthy by having nutritious food and hygienic. The immune system needs to develop which will safeguard the child from virus or bacterial attacks. These factors are biological factors (Chard, 2001). Without the presents of interpersonal relationships, the child may be affected in their social development. The relationships help the child appreciate and respect of authority. It helps them to build social skills such as communication, friendship and understanding the roles of others around them. Generally, they just three factors that may affect the development of the child`s growth. The factors are biological, environmental and social or emotional as explained above (Ford, n.d.). REFERENCES    Bennet, P. (1985). Dhaagicw Life-Stages: A Study in Paradigmatic Reconstruction. History in  Africa, [online] 12, pp. 11-28. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171709 [Accessed 24 Mar. 2017]. CARE OF THE MOTHER AND BABY DURING LABOUR. (1977). InPharma, [online] 110(1), pp. 11-11. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03289422 [Accessed 18 Mar. 2017]. Centre, N.H.F. (2011) The male reproductive system. Available at: http://www.fertilityhandbook.com/pages/reproductive-health-overview/male- reproductive-system.php (Accessed: 20 March 2017). Chard, T. (2001). Does the baby gain weight during labour? Human Reproduction, [online] 16(2), pp.207 [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017] Clamp, A. (2005) As/a-level biology essential word dictionary (essential word dictionaries). United Kingdom: Philip Allan Updates. EMedicineHealth. (2017). The Male Anatomy: Pictures, Diagrams Reference. [online] Available at: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/mobileart- emh.ssp?articlekey=59149 [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017]. Ford, J. (n.d.) Growth development. Human Body Diagram. (2016). Human Body Diagram Anatomy Human Labelled And Chart. [ONLINE] Available at: http://humananatomyclas.com/wp- content/uploads/2016/10/female-reproductive-system-function-female-reproductive- system-functions-anatomy-human-body.jpg [Accessed 24 Mar. 2017]. Institute4learning.com. (2017). The 12 Stages of Life / Thomas Armstrong, Ph.D..[online] Available at: http//www.institute4learning.com/resources/articles/the-12-stages-of- life/ [Accessed 23 Mar. 2017] Lohoar, S., Butera, N., Kennedy, E., Child Family Community Australia. And Australian Institute of Family Studies. 92014) Strengths of Australian aboriginal cultural practises in family life and child rearing. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Menstrupedia.com. (2017). Friendly guide to healthy periods-Menstrupedia. [online] Available at: https:www.menstrupedia.com/articles/physiology/cycle-length [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017]. McGuinness, H. (2010) Anatomy and physiology: Therapy basics. 4th edn. London: Oxford University Press. Richards, M. (1990) Infant crying, sleeping and feeding, JOURNAL OF Reproductive and infant Psychology, 8(4), pp. 274-277. doi: 10.1080/02646839008403644. Roberts, M.B.V., Reiss, M.J., Monger,G. and Robert.., M.B.V. (2000) Advanced biology. United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes

Case 4 I Want My VOIP!!!! Essay

Less cost Digital telephone uses VOIP based on soft switching technology, which is less xpensive to apply and maintain. 2. Multifunctional In addition to equip with all the regular services offered by traditional telephone, digital telephone can convert phone calls into data, the integration of telephone, TV, and data Is extensive. 3. convenience There is no long distance charges and physical location of equipment doesn’t matter. Calls between multiple phone numbers are free. 4. Huge potential Features in the future are out of the reach of the local telephone, such as videophones, video emails. 1 . Relatively poor voice quality The voice quality of digital telephone is not as good as regular telephone service. 2. Power problem Lose of power means loss of telephone service while regular telephone systems still operate when electricity is out. Though batteries work for temporary backup power, but there is nothing would provide telephone service for extensive blackout periods. In view of Rita’s needs, lower cost. convenience and value, if I were her, I would choose digital telephone. However, before subscrlblng to Time warner, I would make a comparison among the digital telephone companies and decide the proper one, Compared with other companies, Time Warner has such Advantages Better service Relatively expensive Therefore, in view of RltaS needs, If I were her, I wont subscribe with Time Warner. #2. Write the first part of a marketing strategy statement for the Time Warner digital telephone offer ? Include the target market and planned product positioning. customer value and achieve profitable customer relationships. This process involves market segmentation, market targeting, differentiation, and positioning. Target market: A set of buyers sharing common needs or characteristics that the company ecides to serve. Positioning: Arranging for a product to occupy a clear, distinctive, and desirable place relative to competing products in the minds of target consumers. marketing strategy statement Target Market People like Rita who want lower costs, convenience and value, such as: People who want to lower their phone call costs, People who are fancy with multiple functions; People who usually make long distance calls, such as businessmen , or families with members far away from home Planned product positioning Low cost, convenient, multifunctional, promising communication product 3. In what stage of the product life cycle is Internet telephony? Does the answer to this question vary across companies such as Vontage, Comcast, Time Warner, and Cox? Product life cycle (PLC): The course ofa product’s sales and profits over its lifetime. It involves five distinct stages: product development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. 1 . Product development begins when the company finds and develops a new-product idea. During product development, sales are zero, and the company’s investment costs mount. 2. Introduction is a period of slow sales growth as he product is introduced in the market. Profits are nonexistent in this stage because of the heavy expenses of product introduction. 3. Growth is a period of rapid market acceptance and increasing profits. 4. Maturity is a period of slowdown in sales growth because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers. Profits level off or decline because of increased marketing outlays to defend the product against competition. 5. Decline is the period when sales fall off and profits drop. 1) According to the definition and characteristics above, we can tell that Internet elephony is in the introduction stage. Although analysts expect 16 million subscribers to buy cable telephone services within 5 years. More than 20 companies have entered the market so far. Cable operators have been so slow to introduce the services and the growth of subscribers is even beginning to decline. Most of them still provide basic products. Nowadays they are taking great effort to advertise the product and to attract the customers. But the sales and profits are not so impressing. They all match the characteristics of Introduction stage. 2) The answer varies across ifferent companies. Comcast and Vontage have Just entered introduction stage because they started slower and now moving much more slowly than the other companies. Cox Communications and Time Warner is entering growth stage. Their cost per customer is cutting down and profit is rising. the advantages to both the consumer and the company? 1) Bundling of services work so well for the cable companies is because it meet consumer’s needs perfectly. For one thing, it is cheaper than the telephone company’s service. For another, consumers prefer one company one bill which is more convenient.

Brant Case Analysis

CASE: BRANT FREEZER COMPANY Question 1: When comparing performance during the first five months of 2004 with performance in 2003, which warehouse shows the most improvement? St. Louis is the only one showing any improvement, using cost per unit shipped as the performance criterion. The cost for the first five months of 2003 was $9. 97 and for the first five months of 2004, it fell to $9. 07. Question 2: When comparing performance during the first five months of 2004 with performance in 2003, which warehouse shows the poorest change in performance?The worst change is the company’s own warehouse (located in Fargo), where costs per unit shipped increased 31%. Among the public warehouses used, Denver was the worst in terms of cost per unit handled. It is also the most expensive public warehouse that Brant uses. Question 3: When comparisons are made among all eight warehouses, which one do you think does the best job for the Brant Company? What criteria did you use? Why? Using the cost per unit handled criterion, St.Louis does the best job, closely followed by Chicago. Question 4: J. Q. is aggressive and is going to recommend that his father cancel the contract with one of the warehouses and give that business to a competing warehouse in the same city. J. Q. feels that when word of this gets around, the other warehouses they use will â€Å"shape up. † Which of the seven should J. Q. recommend be dropped? Why? Denver has the lowest volume and highest unit costs among all the public warehouses used.In addition, it had been closed by a strike which must have inconvenienced the Brant Company. It may be that the warehouse workers’ unions are strong in the Denver area. J. Q. should probably check out rates and productivity measures of other Denver warehouses before deciding to drop its current warehouse there. Question 5: The year 2004 is nearly half over. J. Q. is told to determine how much the firm is likely to spend for warehousing at each of the e ight warehouses for the last six months of 2004.Do his work for him. There is not enough information to do a very precise forecast. J. Q. assumes that the proportion of costs occurring during the first five months of 2003 should be in the same proportion in 2004. (1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (4) Warehouse location| % 2003 costs occurring in first five months| Actual costs for first five months of 2004 ($)| Projected total costs in 2004 ($)| Projected costs in the last six months of 2004 ($)| Atlanta| 22. 88| 40,228| 175,822| 116,204|Boston| 44. 00| 29,416| 66,885| 32,085| Chicago| 53. 43| 141,222| 264,312| 105,556| Denver| 35. 00| 14,900| 42,571| 23,714| Fargo| 54. 00| 9,605| 17,787| 7,012| Los Angeles| 72. 20| 93,280| 129,197| 30,781| Portland| 49. 30| 42,616| 86,442| 37,559| St. Louis| 44. 80| 19,191| 42,837| 20,265| The p rojected costs in 2004 (column 3) are calculated by dividing the actual costs for the first five months of 2004 (column 2) by the percent of 2003 costs that occurred in the first five months (column 1).For example, Atlanta’s actual 2004 costs of $40,228 divided by 2003’s 22. 88% yields projected 2004 costs of approximately $175,822. The projected costs in the last six months of 2004 (column 4) are calculated by subtracting the actual costs for the first five months of 2004 (column 2) from 2004’s projected total costs (column 3). This gives us the projected costs for the last seven months of 2004. However, we are only interested in the last six months of 2004, so this number is multiplied by 6/7, or . 857.Continuing with Atlanta, 2004’s projected total costs of $175,822 minus the first five months’ actual costs of $40,228 equals $135,394. Multiplying this by 6/7 yields projected six months’ costs of approximately $116,204. Question 6: When co mparing 2003 figures with the 2004 figures shown in Exhibit 13-A, the amount budgeted for each warehouse in 2004 was greater than actual 2003 costs. How much of the increase is caused by increased volume of business (units shipped) and how much by inflation? There are several ways to approach this question.One involves calculating the volume difference and inflation difference for each warehouse, as follows: Volume difference = 2003 unit costs x (2004 units shipped – 2003 units shipped) Inflation difference = 2004 units shipped x (2004 unit costs – 2003 unit costs) For example, Atlanta’s volume and inflation differences are: Volume difference: $8. 99 x (18,000 – 17,431) = $8. 99 x 569 = $5,115 Inflation difference: 18,000 x ($9. 97 – $8. 99) = 18,000 x $. 98 = $17,640 Question 7: Prepare the firm’s 2005 warehousing budget, showing for each warehouse the anticipated number of units to be shipped and the costs.Again, this can be done in severa l ways. One is to assume that the 2004 to 2005 increases will be exactly the same amount as the 2003 to 2004 increases (with units shipped rounded to the nearest hundred, and costs rounded to the nearest $500). This would yield the following results: Warehouse location| Differences in units shipped b/w 2003 and 2004| Units shipped  in 2004| Projected units shipped in 2005| Difference in warehouse costs b/w 2003 and 2004 ($)| Warehouse costs in 2004 ($)| Projected warehouse costs in 2005 ($)| Atlanta| 600| 18,000| 18,600| 21,000| 178,000| 199,000| Boston| 300| 7,200| 7,500| 9,500| 73,000| 82,500|Chicago| 1,900| 30,000| 31,900| 38,500| 285,000| 323,500| Denver| 100| 3,100| 3,200| 3,000| 31,000| 34,000| Fargo| 0| 2,000| 2,000| 500| 17,000| 17,500| Los Angeles| 500| 17,000| 17,500| 24,000| 176,000| 200,000| Portland| 700| 9,000| 9,700| 12,000| 85,000| 97,000| St. Louis| 2,100| 8,000| 10,100| 4,000| 56,000| 60,000| Another method would use percentage changes. Question 8: While attendin g classes at the university, J.Q. had learned of logistics partnerships. Should Brant Freezer Company attempt to enter into a partnership relationship with these warehouses? If so, what approach should it use? Assuming that a partnership approach was to be used, Brant would have to think of some sort of sharing of potential risks and profits. Offhand, the case does not provide much information to go on, other than cost containment or reduction is an issue.

The Legacy Of Jackson Pollock - 1501 Words

One cannot hear the name, Jackson Pollock without instantly thinking of the words abstract, radical, and expressionist. His legacy that he left behind is one to admire, with his skills of detaching line from color, refining categories of drawing and painting, and finding new means to describe pictorial space.† (Jackson Pollock and His Paintings) Jackson Pollock’s life began in Cody, Wyoming in 1912. His father, Leroy was a farmer and later in life became a surveyor for the government. Because of his father’s job as a government surveyor, Pollock was able to travel to many places with his father, even experiencing some Native American culture with which he attributes some of his art pieces to. When Pollock got older he enrolled himself at the Students’ League in New York in 1929. He studied here under the hands of regionalist painter, Thomas Benton. 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Accordingly, Wolf (2006) describes Abstract Expressionism as being shaped by the legacy of Surrealism, a movement which they translated into a new style fitted to the post-war mood of anxiety and trauma. In their success, the New York painters robbed Paris of its mantle as leader of modern art, and set the stage for Americas post-warRead MoreThe United State s Collective Identity2264 Words   |  10 Pagescity for black Americans brought awareness and helped fuel an art and Cultural Revolution (Hanzal, 22). Jackson Pollock, like Bearden, was born in a rural area, however, unlike Bearden Pollock was born in the West rather than the South. Growing up in Wyoming Pollock was introduced to Native American culture, which he used in his art to portray their legends (â€Å"Jackson Pollock†). Pollock’s art took a departure from other abstract artists with his splatter-paint style. His unique take on abstractRead MoreVan Gogh s Life And Effect Today1819 Words   |  8 Pagesto artist in the modern day era like Jackson Pollock, it is clearly seen that he used techniques from Van Gogh in his splatter paintings. In the article â€Å"Computer Analysis Reveals Similarities between the Artistic Styles of Van Gogh and Pollock† by Lior Shamir accessed by EBSCO publishing, the author applied computer analysis and used numerical image content descriptors to pieces of Pollock and Van Gogh and it clearly showed that the artistic style of Pollock is extremely more similar to Van GoghRead MoreRoberto Matt Making The Invisible Visible1635 Words   |  7 Pages All of these factors contribute to his later break with the Surrealist group. Many surrealists do not make their paintings nearly as expressive of the times as Matta’s did. While in New York, Matta associated with American artists such as Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning. With them he helped to found the Abstract Expressionist Movement. At this point, Matta identified more with this group of artists than the surrealists because the abstract expressionists focused their paintings as moreRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Happiness2173 Words   |  9 Pagesportrayal of life in the city for black Americans brought awareness and helped fuel an art and Cultural Revolution. Jackson Pollock like Bearden was born in a rural area, however, unlike Bearden Pollock was born in the West rather than the South. Growing up in Wyoming Pollack was introduced to Native American culture, which he used in his art to portray their legends (Pollock History). Pollock’s art took a departure from other abstract artist with his â€Å"splatter-paint† style. His unique take on

Probabilities for Rolling Two Dice

One popular way to study probability is to roll dice. A standard die has six sides printed with little dots numbering  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. If the die is fair (and we will assume that all of them are), then each of these outcomes is equally likely. Since there are six possible outcomes, the probability of obtaining any side of the die is 1/6. The probability of rolling a 1 is 1/6, the probability of rolling a 2 is 1/6, and so on. But what happens if we add another die? What are the probabilities for rolling two dice? Dice Roll  Probability To correctly determine the probability of a dice roll, we need to know two things: The size of the  sample space or the set of total possible outcomesHow often an event occurs In probability, an event is a certain subset of the sample space. For example, when only one die is rolled, as in the example above, the sample space is equal to all of the values on the die, or the set (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Since the die is fair, each number in the set occurs only once. In other words, the frequency of each number is 1. To determine the probability of rolling any one of the numbers on the die, we divide the event frequency (1) by the size of the sample space (6), resulting in a probability of 1/6. Rolling two fair dice more than doubles the difficulty of calculating probabilities. This is because rolling one die is independent of rolling a second one. One roll has no effect on the other. When dealing with independent events we use the multiplication rule. The use of a tree diagram demonstrates that there are  6 x 6 36 possible outcomes from rolling two dice. Suppose that the first die we roll comes up as a 1. The other die roll could be  a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Now suppose that the first die is a 2. The other die roll again could be a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. We have already found 12 potential outcomes, and have yet to exhaust all of the possibilities of the first die. Probability Table of Rolling Two Dice The possible outcomes of rolling two dice are represented in the table below. Note that the number of total possible outcomes is equal to the sample space of the first die (6) multiplied by the sample space of the second die (6), which is  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6) 2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6) 3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6) 4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6) 5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6) 6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6) Three or More Dice The same principle applies if we are working on  problems involving three dice. We multiply and see that there are 6 x 6 x 6 216 possible outcomes. As it gets cumbersome to write the repeated multiplication, we can use  exponents  to simplify work. For two dice, there are 6^2  possible outcomes. For three dice, there are 6^3  possible outcomes. In general, if we roll  n  dice, then there are a total of 6^n  possible outcomes. Sample Problems With this knowledge, we can solve all sorts of probability problems: 1. Two six-sided dice are rolled. What is the probability that the sum of the two dice is seven? The easiest way to solve this problem is to consult the table above. You will notice that in each row there is one dice roll where the sum of the two dice is equal to seven. Since there are six rows, there are six possible outcomes where the sum of the two dice is equal to seven. The number of total possible outcomes remains 36. Again, we find the probability by dividing the event frequency (6) by the size of the sample space (36), resulting in a probability of 1/6. 2. Two six-sided dice are rolled. What is the probability that the sum of the two dice is three? In the previous problem, you may have noticed that the cells where the sum of the two dice is equal to seven form a diagonal. The same is true here, except in this case there are only two cells where the sum of the dice is three. That is because there are only two ways to get this outcome. You must  roll a 1 and a 2 or you must roll a 2 and a 1. The combinations for rolling a sum of seven are much greater (1 and 6, 2 and 5, 3 and 4, and so on). To find the probability that the sum of the two dice is three, we can divide the event frequency (2) by the size of the sample space (36), resulting in a probability of 1/18. 3. Two six-sided dice are rolled. What is the probability that the numbers on the dice are different? Again, we can easily solve this problem by consulting the table above. You will notice that the cells where the numbers on the dice are the same form a diagonal. There are only six of them, and once we cross them out we have the remaining cells in which the numbers on the dice are different. We can take the number of combinations (30) and divide it by the size of the sample space (36), resulting in a probability of 5/6.

A Comparison of Methods in Business Research - 3572 Words

A Comparison of Methods in Business Research By Song Gao This essay compares the research method of case study with five other methods in business research. The five methods are focus group, in-depth interview, observation, questionnaires and field experiment. This essay provides the definition, advantages, disadvantages/limitations for each of the six methods. Moreover, five published articles related to case study method and two published articles related to each of the other five methods were found to further discuss their application in research. Case Study Definition It is an understatement that there is confusion among students, teachers and researchers about the definition of case study research. In this essay, I use the†¦show more content†¦The authors collected data from a major business communication provider, a networking infrastructure solutions provider, and a GPS technology. The topic of this article is very professional and difficult to understand for the audience who have no relevant background. But one advantage to their case study is it helps audience to better understand a complex organisational phenomenon. The authors also illustrated the limitations of their study. Article 4 – DANAHER, P. J. (2013). Comparing the Relative Effectiveness of Advertising Channels: A Case Study of a Multimedia Blitz Campaign. Journal of Marketing Research (JMR)., 50(4), 517–534. 18p. 1 Black and White Photograph. In this research, the authors developed an inexpensive method to help firms assess the relative effectiveness of multiple advertising media. Specifically, they used a firms loyalty program database(Case Study) to capture media exposure, through an online media survey. At the end, not only did the authors demonstrate how to use their advertising response model to determine the optimal budget allocation across each advertising media channel, but also they pointed out the limitations of their studies. Article 5 – Fahimnia, B., Farahani, R. Z., amp; Sarkis, J. (2013). Integrated aggregate supply chain planning using memetic algorithm – A performance analysis case study. International Journal of Production Research, 51(18), 5354–5373.Show MoreRelatedChartered Management Institute Report Review1062 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿CMI Report Review Introduction A research can be defined as the systematic inquiry conducted with an objective of testing a hypothesis, evaluating knowledge or searching for new information. To ensure that the outcome of a research is valid, researchers must ensure that the processes followed minimize errors, inconsistencies, and anomalies that are capable of impairing the findings. In conducting a research therefore; the process must be closely monitored and any potential problem mitigated toRead MoreResearch Methodology For Academic Journal Articles1268 Words   |  6 PagesMoreover, the types of research questions and its understanding can be significant in determining the research methodology. Abstract The primary goal of this study is to systematize the knowledge in the area of different research methodological approaches applied in academic journal articles, assess their usefulness and present the results of the analysis. 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They are not able to satisfy customers’ needs in given time [1]Read MoreUnit 39 - International Business1099 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 39 – International Business Scenario You are employed by the local Business Development Agency and have been asked to independently research international business in relation to an international case study business of your choice. From your research you are required to put together a research report document which can be used to assist businesses who are considering trading internationally. Your work should be a result of your own independent research and contain references throughoutRead MoreResearch Philosophy And Approaches On Research1251 Words   |  6 PagesResearch philosophy and approaches Defining a case study method indicates the problem and entails finding a solution to solve it. However, to answer the research questions it is vital to demonstrate deep consideration of the elements related to particular research design, and to show the ability to reflect upon research philosophy and approach to theory (Easterby-Smith et al., 2012; Eisendhardt, 1989). In business and management research a regular investigation not only leads to solving businessRead MoreBuilding A New Coffee Shop1045 Words   |  5 Pages Petone. Initial research has been completed on costings and viability of the business. Needs Analysis Consultants have been hired to consult a number of various primary and secondary data collection methods to determine the potential number of customers and whether it translates into a profitable income. Purpose The purpose of this report is to analyse the potential methods that may be used in conducting research for this project, and to outline the research design. 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Qualitative data permit the exploration of every possible scenario in a given situation which is highly suitable when assessing the contributory impact of the social environment within the business world. By pursuing a qualitative approach, the data collected can be measured based on a philosophical (Phenomenology) perspective, Ethnographic, Field Research, Grounded Theory or Case Study. Advantages of Qualitative Data †¢ Real

Design and Analysis of Experiments System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Design and Analysis of Experiments System. Answer: Introduction It is critical to understand students perception about environmental issues and how they take part in saving both energy and water. This can help in understanding future generation and whether a sustainable environment can be attained through this young generation. In accordance with (UNICEF, 2015), youth and children are an important part of society that can help in creating a sustainable future. UNICEF targets this group on their sensitization program about creating a sustainable future. Severn Cullis-Suzuki, in the 1992 speech silenced the world and pointed that the only way to create a sustainable future is through educating the youths (Orfalea, 2017). Therefore, this report will investigate how sensitive the students from the NSW are about environmental issues. The research will evaluate some of the students characteristics and how different aspects of life can impact their academic achievement. The key components that this report will highlight include the hours of sleep during a school night, the time taken to travel to school (minutes), time spent on different issues such as doing homework, doing things with friends/family among others. The variables measuring time is on an interval scale, and those asking for an opinion about environmental issues are nominal scale. Lastly, how important the students value some issues both personal and environmental are on an ordinal scale. The data analysis was performed to illustrate the distribution of various variables under investigation. First, it was determined the distribution of gender in the sample obtained from the NSW state. Second, the distribution of how student spent their time, especially playing video games was assessed. The summary of the descriptive statistics and measure of dispersion is as summarized below. Summary measures for selected variables Q9 Doing homework Q9 Doing things with family Q9. Playing computer/video games Q9. Watching TV Count 40.000 40.000 40.000 40.000 Mean 5.900 11.825 10.150 8.700 Median 4.500 7.000 5.500 6.500 Standard deviation 5.486 10.476 11.023 7.803 Minimum 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Maximum 25.000 40.000 40.000 29.000 First quartile 2.000 3.000 1.750 2.000 Third quartile 8.000 17.500 18.000 10.750 Mean absolute deviation 4.185 8.799 9.138 6.105 On average, students spent 5.90 hours doing their homework with a standard deviation of 5.48 hours. The middle 50% of the students spent 2 hours and 8.00 hours, doing their homework (Afifi Azen, 2014). Students spent, on average, 11.83 hours with their family members, with some spending no time and some up to 40 hours. On average, students spends 10.15 hours playing video games with a standard deviation of 11.02 hours. This shows that there might be a possibility that students spent more time playing video games than they do taking their homework and with their family (Gelman, et al., 2014). However, to ascertain if this is true, a hypothesis was tested to determine whether an on average student spent more time playing video games than they spend with their family and doing homework. Lastly but not least, the average time the students spent watching is 8.70 hours with a standard deviation of 7.80 hours. The p-value .05, which purport that the hypothesis that the average time spends doing homework and doing things with the family is equal (Montgomery, 2017). This implies that students spend less time reading than they do doing things with their family. The summary shows that there is enough evidence to support the claim that student spent more time playing computer/video games than they spent doing their homework (Gelman, et al., 2014). In particular, with 95% confidence, a student selected randomly from the population spends more time playing computer/video games than they spent doing their homework. Lastly, it was evaluated whether students spend more time watching TV than doing their homework. The p-value 0.034 is less than 0.05, supporting that the rejection of the null hypothesis (Peck, Olsen, Devore, 2015). Therefore, it should be noted that with the 95% confidence, we can claim that students spend more time watching than doing their homework. Environmental Issues The assessment on whether there was a relationship between gender and switching off the power at the main switch. First, the distribution of the data was illustrated in Figure 2. The chart shows that most of the female students do not power off the main switch to save the electricity. On the other hand, most male student power off the main switch. Therefore, there might be an association between the gender and the powering off the main switch. Chi-square test was performed to determine whether the claim that there is a connection between gender and powering off the main switch to save energy. The p-value 0.1098 is greater than .05. Thus, fail to reject the null hypothesis (Schumacker Sara, 2015). This means that there is no association between gender and powering off the main switch. This means that both male and female have the same behavior of powering off the main switch to save energy. There is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis at the level .10 (Schumacker Sara, 2015). This suggests that with 90% confidence, we can say that the gender of a student is associated with the installation of the water saving shower head. It was important to determine whether there exists an association between the number of paid working hours and the amount received as pocket money. Therefore, a linear regression model was run, and the direction and strength of the association noted. The model is not significant since the p-value is greater than 0.05 (Chatterjee Hadi., 2015). The coefficient of the number of hours is positive. The R2-value shows that the model can take into account to 0.02% sources of error. This is a very low source of variation since 99.98% could not be accounted. Conclusion The findings point important aspect of students time utilization. It was established that students spent more time, watching TV, playing computer/video games and with their families. Therefore, parents need to schedule their students well, so that they can adequately utilize their time well to improve their academic performance. For instance, playing video game long may have negative effects on academic achievement. The results also pointed that there is a correlation between students gender and installing water saving shower head to save water. Also, no connection was established between gender and powering off the main switch to save energy. This means that both male and female students were equally sensitive about water conservation, but not about power energy conservation. Lastly but not least, there was no relationship between the number of hours student spent on a paid work and the amount they receive as pocket money. It should be noted that there might be one gender that is more sensitive on water conservation than the other. Therefore, the government should conduct a sensitization program to increase water conservation strategies like installing water saving shower head to all people. The parents should discourage a lot of video game playing and Tv watching. Students should be encouraged to use most of their time improving their studies. References Afifi, A. A., Azen, S. P. (2014). Statistical analysis: a computer oriented approach. Academic press. Chatterjee, S., Hadi., A. S. (2015). Regression analysis by example. John Wiley Sons. Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., Dunson, D. B., Vehtari, A., Rubin, D. B. (2014). Bayesian data analysis. 2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC press. Montgomery, D. C. (2017). Design and analysis of experiments. John Wiley Sons. Orfalea, M. (2017, June 26). Girl Who Silenced the World (25 yrs later). Retrieved from Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ipOdsd1SmA Peck, R., Olsen, C., Devore, J. L. (2015). Introduction to statistics and data analysis. Cengage Learning. Schumacker, R., Sara, T. (2015). Chi-square test. Understanding Statistics Using R, 169-175. UNICEF. (2015, Februalt 13). Environment and climate change. Retrieved October 2, 2017, from UNICEF: https://www.unicef.org/environment/index_60524.html